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JTG E40-2007: Test methods of soils for highway engineering
UDC
INDUSTRY STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
P JTG E40-2007
Test Methods of Soils for Highway Engineering
ISSUED ON: JULY 11, 2007
IMPLEMENTED ON: OCTOBER 1, 2007
Issued by: Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China
JTG
Table of Contents
1 General Provisions ... 1 
2 Terms and Symbols ... 2 
2.1 Terms ... 2 
2.2 Symbols ... 3 
3 Classification of Soil ... 5 
3.1 General Requirements ... 5 
3.2 Classification of giant particle soil ... 7 
3.3 Classification of Coarse particle soil... 9 
3.4 Classification of fine particle soil ... 11 
3.5 Classification of special soil ... 13 
3.6 Simple discrimination, classification and description of soils ... 14 
4 Soil Sample Acquisition and Preparation ... 17 
T 0101-2007 acquisition, transportation and storage of soil sample ... 17 
T 0102-2007 Soil sample and sample preparation ... 19 
5 Soil Water Content Test ... 26 
T 0103-1993 Drying method ... 26 
T 0104-1993 alcohol combustion method ... 27 
T 0105-1993 hydrometer method ... 29 
6 Soil Density Test ... 32 
T 0107-1993 core cutter method ... 32 
T 0108-1993 The method of power-driven soil sample barrel ... 33 
T 0109-1993 Wax sealing method ... 36 
T 0110-1993 water replacement method... 39 
T 0110-1993 sand replacement method ... 44 
7 Specific Gravity Test of Soil ... 51 
T 0112-1993 Pyknometer Method ... 51 
T 0169-2007 Buoyancy Method ... 55 
T 0113-1993 Suspending Weigh Method ... 58 
T 0114-1993 Siphon Cylinder Method ... 61 
8 Grain Size Analysis Test ... 65 
T 0115-1993 Sieve Method ... 65 
T 0116-2007 hydrometer method ... 68 
T 0117-1993 Pipette Method ... 78 
9 Limit Water Content Test ... 83 
T 0118-2007 Liquid limit and plastic limit combined method ... 83 
T 0170-2007 liquid limit disc apparatus method ... 88 
T 0119-1993 plastic limit rolling method ... 90 
T 0120-1993 shrinkage limit test ... 92 
10 Soil Shrinkage Test ... 95 
T 0121-1993 Shrinkage Test ... 95 
11 Test on Natural Consistency of Soil ... 100 
T 0122-2007 Natural Consistency Test ... 100 
12 Test on the Relative Density of Sand ... 102 
T 0123-1993 Test on the Relative Density of Sand ... 102 
13 Soil Humidification Test ... 106 
T 0171-2007 Humidification Test ... 106 
14 Test on Rising Height of Capillary Water in Soil ... 108 
T 0128-1993 Test on Rising Height of Capillary Water ... 108 
15 Permeability Test ... 112 
T 0129-1993 Constant Head Permeability Test ... 112 
T 0130-2007 Variable Head Permeability Test ... 116 
16 Compaction Test of Soil ... 121 
T 0131-2007 Compaction Test ... 121 
17 Califonia Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test of Soil ... 128 
T 0134-1993 Califonia Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test ... 128 
18 Resilience Modulus Test of Soil ... 137 
T 0135-1993 Loading Plate Test Method ... 137 
T 0136-1993 Intensity Instrument Test Method ... 140 
19 Soil Mass Consolidation Test ... 146 
T 0137-1993 Single axle consolidometer method ... 146 
T 0138-1993 Accelerated Test Method ... 154 
20 Test on Water Content of Standard Absorption for Soil ... 163 
T 0172-2007 Test on Water Content of Standard Absorption ... 163 
21 Test of Loess Settlement by Soaking ... 166 
T 0139-2007 Test of relative-settlement Coefficient ... 166 
T 0173-2007 Test on Coefficient of Deadweight Settlement by Soaking ... 171 
T 0174-2007 Test of Lixiviation Deformation Coefficient ... 175 
T 0175-2007 Test on Initial Pressure of Soaking Settlement ... 179 
22 Direct Shear Test of Soil ... 184 
T 0140-1993 Drained Shear Test of Clay Soil ... 184 
T 0141-1993 Consolidated Quick Shear Test of Clay Soil ... 189 
T 0142-1993 Quick Shear Test of Clay Soil ... 196 
T 0143-1993 Direct Shear Test of Sandy Soil ... 201 
T 0176-2007 Drainage Repeating Direct Shear Test... 207 
23 Triaxial Compression Test of Soil ... 211 
T 0144-1993 Unconsolidated Undrained Test ... 211 
T 0145-1993 Consolidated-undrained Test ... 221 
T 0146-1993 Consolidated Drained Test ... 236 
T 0177-2007 One Sample and Multi-grade Loading Test ... 249 
24 Unconfined Compression Strength Test of Soil ... 262 
T 0148-1993 Unconfined Compression Strength Test of Fine Particle Soil ... 262 
25 The Test on Maximum Dry Density of Coarse Particle Soil and Giant Particle Soil ... 267 
T 0133-1993 surface vibration compacting apparatus method ... 267 
T 0132-1993 shaking table method ... 273 
26 Direct shear test o coarse particle soil ... 282 
T 0178-2007 direct shear test of coarse particle soil ... 282 
27 Coarse particle soil triaxial compression test ... 288 
T 0147-1993 coarse particle soil triaxial compression test ... 288 
28 Soil Expansibility Test ... 297 
T 0124-1993 Free Expansion Ratio Test ... 297 
T 0125-1993 No-load Expansion Ratio Test ... 299 
T 0126-1993 Load Expansion Ratio Test ... 301 
T 0127-1893 Expansive Force Test ... 304 
29 Frozen Soil Test ... 308 
T 0179-2007 Suspending Weigh Method Test for Frozen Soil Density ... 308 
T 0180-2407 Buoyancy Method Test for Frozen Soil Density ... 309 
T 0181-2007 Combined Determination Method Test for Frozen Soil Density ... 311 
T 0182-2007 Core Cutter Method Test for Frozen Soil Density ... 313 
T 0183-2007 Sand-filling Method Test for Frozen Soil Density ... 315 
T 0184-2007 Freezing Temperature Test ... 317 
T 0185-2007 Thermal Conductivity Test for Frozen Soil ... 319 
T 0186-2007 Unfrozen-water Content Test ... 321 
T 0187-2007 Frozen-heave Factor Test ... 324 
T 0188-2007 Frozen Soil Thawing Compression Test ... 327 
30 Soil Chemical Composition Test ... 331 
T 0149-1993 Acidity and Alkalinity Test ... 331 
T 0150-1993 Ignition Loss Test ... 332 
T 0151-1993 Organic Content Test ... 333 
T 0152-1993 Preparation of to-be-measured Solution for Soluble Salt Test ... 336 
T 0153-1993 Determination of Total Amount of Soluble Salt-Mass Method ... 336 
T 0154-1993 Determination of Carbonate and Bicarbonate in Soluble Salt ... 338 
T 0155-1993 Determination of Chlorine Iron in Soluble Salt - Silver Nitrate Titration
Method ... 340 
T 0156-1993 Determination of Chlorine Iron in Soluble Salt - Mercuric Nitrate
Titration Method ... 342 
T 0157-1993 Determination of Calcium and Magnesium Ion in Soluble Salt - EDTA
Complexometric Titration ... 344 
T 0158-1993 Determination of Sulfate Radical in Soluble Salt - Mass Method ... 347 
T 0159-1993 Determination of Sulfate Radical in Soluble Salt - EDTA Indirect
Complexometry ... 349 
T 0l60-1993 Determination of Sodium and Potassium Ion in Soluble Salt- Flame
Photometry ... 352 
T 0161-1993 Determination of Gypsum in Medium Soluble Salt - Hydrochloric Acid
Extraction Barium Sulfate Mass Method ... 354 
T 0162-1993 Determination of Calcium Carbonate in Insoluble Salt - Gasometry ... 356 
T 0163-1993 Cation Exchange Capacity Test- EDTA- Ammonium Salt Rapid Method
... 359 
T 0164-1993 Cation Exchange Capacity Test- Ammonium Oxalate- Ammonium
Chloride Method ... 362 
31 Soil Mineral Composition Test ... 365 
T 0165-1993 Determination of Silicon ... 365 
T 0166-1993 Determination of Sesquioxide (R2O3) Content ... 367 
T 0167-1993 Determination of Iron and Aluminum ... 369 
T 0168-1993 Determination of Calcium and Magnesium ... 372 
Annex A Analysis and Re-arrangement Method for Test Results ... 375 
Annex B Carbon Dioxide Density Sheet ... 380 
1 General Provisions
1.0.1 This standard is formulated with a view to testing the basic engineering properties
of soil, unifying the test methods, and providing reliable calculation index and parameter for
the highway engineering and construction.
1.0.2 This standard is applicable to basic engineering properties tests of foundation soil,
subgrade soil and other road using soil in highway engineering.
1.0.3 For engineering of all kinds, the reasonable testing program is prepared, the
representative samples are selected, the accurate data are gotten, and the correct analysis and
arrangement of data is conducted. The soil indexes to reflect the actual situation are provided
for engineering and construction.
1.0.4 The analysis and arrangement for soil test material are conducted according to
Annex A, and the overall (soil mass unit) characteristics and change regularity are estimated
by the research on the samples (data gotten in the test).
1.0.5 For soils of different type and gradation, the soil test reports shall state basic
particle gradation, liquid limit and plastic limit indexes of soils; for special soil, it shall also
provide test indexes in indicate the essential characteristic of special soil.
1.0.6 The highway soil tests shall meet the requirements of relevant current national
and professional standards, besides this standard.
2 Terms and Symbols
2.1 Terms
2.1.1 Water content
Ratio of soil water mass to particle mass, expressed in a percentage
2.1.2 Density
Mass per unit volume of soil
2.1.3 Porosity
Ratio of soil void volume to total volume, expressed in a percentage
2.1.4 Void ratio
Ratio of soil void volume and solid particulate volume
2.1.5 Specific gravity of soil particle
Ratio of soil particle to the mass of 4℃ distilled water
2.1.6 Gradation
Relative content of particle group divided of soil particles with similar particle size. it is
a concept to evaluate the state of particle size distribution curve of soil particles through the
nonuniformity coefficient (Cu) and the coefficient of curvature (Cc).
2.1.7 Consistency limit
Limit water content where cohesive soil changes from a state to other state with the
change of water content
2.1.8 Consolidation
Procedure of soil volume reduction and density increase due to gradual moisture
discharge from saturated soil mass venting under external loads
2.1.9 Coefficient of compressibility
Ratio of void ratio decrease and effective pressure increase of soil sample in K0
consolidation test, i. e. gradient of the secant of a pressure section in e-p compression curve,
expressed in absolute value
2.1.10 Compression index
Gradient of straight segment in the relation curve of the void ratio (gotten in compression
test) to the effective pressure Logarithm, i.e. gradient of the straight segment in e-lgp curve
after pre-consolidation pressure
2.1.11 Constrained modulus
Ratio of vertical effective pressure to vertical strain of soil mass compressed under lateral
confinement condition
2.1.12 Modulus of resilience
Ratio of vertical pressure to rebound strain (during the unloading process) of the soil
mass under partial lateral confinement condition
2.1.13 Coefficient of permeability
Proportionality coefficient of the relation of flow speed proportional to action hydraulic
gradient where soil water seepage is under laminar condition
2.1.14 Shear strength
Ultimate shearing stress withstood by soil mass on a shear surface
2.1.15 Unconfined compression strength
Ultimate strength of soil mass (without lateral confinement condition) to resist the axial
17
4 Soil Sample Acquisition and Preparation
T 0101-2007 acquisition, transportation and storage of soil sample
1 Requirements in soil sample
1.1 Undisturbed soil or disturbed soil may be selected and sampled according to the
engineering object. the undisturbed soil shall be sampled for natural subsoil and excavation
side slope of bridge, culvert, tunnel, retaining wall and building construction; disturbed soil
shall be sampled for landfill subgrade, dyke, borrow pit (yard) or for only soil classification
test. Where the undisturbed soil of frozen soil is sampled, the temperature, structure and water
content of the original soil shall be kept constant.
1.2 The soil samples may be gotten from test pit, flat-hole, shaft, natural ground and
drilling hole. If the undisturbed soil sample is needed, the original structure and natural water
content of the soil sample must be kept constant, and the soil sample shall be free from
disturbance. If a drilling machine is used to borrow soil, the diameter of the soil sample must
not be less than 10cm, and special thin wall soil sample barrel shall be used; where the
undisturbed soil is borrowed from test pit or natural ground, a soil sample barrel (with iron
wall) with upper and lower covers may be used. The operation method is to press the soil
sample barrel till the barrel being filled with soil, to excavate the bottom soil layer (or swing
left or right to break), to take the barrel out and to shave the soil sample off after turning. Fill
the surrounding space with original soil, cover the lower cover; seal the soil sample barrel.
For sampling disturbed soil, clear the surface soil, and sample with the sample quartering
method by layers. for sampling salty soil, sample by layer at vertical depth 0 ~ 0.05, 0.05 ~
0.25, 0.25 ~ 0.50, 0.50 ~ 0.75 m and 0.75 ~1.0 m. in addition, record the season, time, and air
temperature of sampling.
1.3 Quantity of soil sample: sample according to the quantity specified by
corresponding test item.
1.4 Soil borrowing records and numbering: no matter what method is adopted, the
"sample log" is used for recording, and half page is teared out as label which is pasted on the
soil sample barrel (undisturbed soil) or placed into the soil sample bag. The "sample log"
should be made of tough paper and filled in with a pencil. The recorded content of the sample
log shall include project name, route kilometrage (or location), start date of record, and end
data of record, sampling unit, characteristics of soil sample, test pit number, sampling depth,
soil sample number, soil sample number, soil sample name, function, test item or sampling
explanation, sampling staff, date of sample, etc. the sample method, disturbed or original state,
sampling direction and phenomenon in sampling procedure shall be recorded in the sampling
explanation column.
2 Soil sample package and transportation
2.1 Undisturbed soil or disturbed soil whose natural water content needs be kept
constant, after sampling, shall be immed...