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NB/T 47013.15-2021: Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 15: Phased-array ultrasonic testing
NB/T 47013.15-2021
NB
ENERGY INDUSTRY STANDARD OF
THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.20
CCS H 26
Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 15:
Phased-array ultrasonic testing
ISSUED ON: APRIL 26, 2021
IMPLEMENTED ON: AUGUST 26, 2021
Issued by: National Energy Administration
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 6
1 Scope ... 8
2 Normative references ... 8
3 Terms and definitions ... 9
4 General requirements ... 16
5 Phased-array ultrasonic testing methods and quality grading of raw materials or
components for pressure equipment ... 31
6 Phased-array ultrasonic testing method and quality grading for welded joints of
pressure equipment ... 54
7 Testing records and reports ... 86
Annex A (informative) Phased-array ultrasonic testing method and quality grading for
electrofusion joints of polyethylene pipes in pressure equipment ... 88
Annex B (informative) Communication format of universal digital ultrasonic testing
data ... 100
Annex C (normative) Performance indicator requirements of phased-array ultrasonic
inspectors ... 108
Annex D (normative) Performance indicator requirements for phased-array ultrasonic
probes ... 112
Annex E (informative) Typical images of phased-array ultrasonic testing of welded
joints ... 113
Annex F (informative) Phased-array ultrasonic testing method and quality grading of
steel bolts and steel bolt blanks for pressure-bearing equipment... 120
Annex G (normative) Phased-array ultrasonic shear wave oblique incidence testing
method and quality grading for plates used in pressure equipment ... 131
Annex H (normative) Fully automatic zonal focused phased-array ultrasonic testing of
circumferential butt joints of long-distance steel oil and gas pipelines ... 134
Annex I (informative) Phased-array ultrasonic testing method and quality grading of
austenitic stainless steel butt joints ... 151
Annex J (informative) Total focusing phased-array ultrasonic testing of welded joints
... 157
Annex K (informative) Measurement of defect height by shear wave endpoint
diffraction method ... 165
Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 15:
Phased-array ultrasonic testing
1 Scope
1.1 This document specifies the methods and quality grading requirements for phased-
array ultrasonic testing of pressure equipment. The phased-array ultrasonic testing
conducted in accordance with the relevant technical requirements of this document is a
recordable pulse reflection ultrasonic testing.
1.2 This document is applicable to phased-array ultrasonic testing of metal raw
materials, components, and welded joints during the production and use of pressure
equipment.
1.3 For phased-array ultrasonic testing of polyethylene pipeline electric fusion joints,
please refer to Annex A (informative).
1.4 For phased-array ultrasonic testing of materials, structures, and welded joints for
pressure equipment not explicitly specified in this document, if it can meet the testing
requirements through process verification, it can be executed in accordance with this
document. The phased-array ultrasonic testing of supporting and structural components
related to pressure equipment can also be carried out in accordance with this document.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 699, Quality carbon structure steels
GB/T 11259, Non-destructive testing -- Practice for fabrication and control of steel
reference blocks used in ultrasonic testing
GB/T 12604.1, Non-destructive testing -- Terminology -- Ultrasonic testing
GB/T 29302, Non-destructive testing instruments -- Characterization and
verification of phased-array ultrasonic examination systems
GB/T 29460, Safety assessment for electrofusion joint of polyethylene pipes
containing defects
shall have a certain basic knowledge in metal materials, welding, heat treatment, and
pressure equipment manufacturing and installation. For phased-array ultrasonic testing
personnel engaged in other testing objects, they shall also have knowledge of relevant
materials, structures, manufacturing processes, and sound field modeling, and undergo
specialized training to possess the required technical abilities and corresponding testing
experience.
4.2 Testing equipment and material
4.2.1 Testing equipment
The testing equipment includes testing instruments, as well as all objects such as probes,
scanning devices, and cables connected to the instruments. Material refers to other
devices and materials required to achieve testing functions that are not connected to the
instrument, including test blocks and coupling agents. The performance of testing
equipment and material shall meet the requirements of this document. The function
shall meet the process requirements of the tested object.
4.2.2 Testing instruments and probes
4.2.2.1 The testing instrument shall have at least multi-channel ultrasonic emission,
reception, amplification, automatic data acquisition, recording, display, and analysis
functions. The instrument shall comply with its corresponding product standards and
have product quality certification documents. The qualification certificate document
shall at least include the preheating time, low voltage alarm or low voltage automatic
shutdown voltage, transmission pulse repetition frequency, effective output impedance,
transmission pulse voltage, transmission pulse rise time, transmission pulse width
(using square wave pulse as the transmission pulse), transmission delay accuracy,
amplifier frequency response, attenuator accuracy, dynamic range, and crosstalk as the
main parameters. The electrical performance and basic functions of the instrument shall
meet the requirements of Annex C (normative). Provide certification documents issued
by a third-party laboratory accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 according to specifications and
models. The data record transmission format of the testing instrument shall adopt the
format specified in Annex B (informative).
4.2.2.2 The probe shall comply with its corresponding product standards. It shall have
product quality certification documents. The qualification certificate document shall
include at least the main parameters such as probe size, center frequency, bandwidth,
impedance or static capacitance, number of array elements, first and last array element
positions, array element spacing, inter element crosstalk, pulse echo sensitivity, etc. The
performance indicators of the probe shall meet the requirements of Annex D
(normative). Provide certification documents issued by a third-party laboratory
accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 according to specifications and models.
4.2.2.3 Requirements for the performance of testing instruments, probes, and their
combinations
4.2.3.2 Comparison test block
4.2.3.2.1 The comparison test block is mainly used for testing and calibration.
According to their different production methods and uses, they can be divided into
general reference blocks and specialized reference blocks. The reference reflector made
by machining shall have a clear meaning in the comparison test block.
4.2.3.2.2 Universal reference block
a) The geometric shape, size, and reference reflector setting of the universal
reference block shall be in accordance with the corresponding content and
drawings specified in this document. Its dimensional accuracy shall meet the
requirements of JB/T 8428;
b) The material used for making the universal reference test block shall be 20# high-
quality carbon structural steel melted in an electric furnace or open hearth. The
chemical composition meets the requirements of GB/T 699. After forging and
forming, normalizing treatment is carried out to ensure uniform material without
acoustic anisotropy. The grain size ranges from grade 7~8. When using a straight
probe for testing, there shall be no defects greater than or equal to the equivalent
diameter of a flat bottom hole of Φ2 mm.
4.2.3.2.3 Special comparison test block
a) The material, external dimensions, and manufacturing process of the dedicated
reference block are the same or similar to those of the tested workpiece;
b) When using a straight probe for testing, there shall be no defects greater than or
equal to the equivalent diameter of a flat bottom hole of Φ2 mm;
c) The setting of reference reflectors can refer to the corresponding content and
specifications in this document, and shall meet the requirements of testing,
calibration, and equipment debugging;
d) If used for process validation purposes as required in 4.3.3, the possible types,
sizes, positions, and directions of defects in the tested workpiece shall also be
considered. Corresponding reference reflectors shall be set.
4.2.3.3 Simulated test block
4.2.3.3.1 Simulated test blocks refer to test blocks containing simulated defects, mainly
used for testing process validation.
4.2.3.3.2 The material and acoustic characteristics of the simulated test block shall be
the same or similar to the tested workpiece, without any other defects that may affect
the testing.
4.2.3.3.3 The external structure, thickness, and surface conditions of the simulated test
block shall be the same or similar to the tested workpiece.
4.2.3.3.4 For welded joints, simulated defects shall be prepared using welding methods
or using real defects found in previous testing. For non-welded joint tested workpieces,
their simulated defects shall have the shape of real defects and similar acoustic
characteristics.
4.2.3.3.5 The type, location, size, and quantity of simulated defects shall be set
considering the possible defect states that may exist in the tested workpiece. For welded
joints, at least longitudinal and transverse defects, volumetric and area defects, surface
and buried defects shall be included, and their dimensions shall generally not exceed
the maximum allowable defect size of workpieces of the same thickness specified in
grade II. They can be composed of one or more test blocks of the same thickness range.
4.2.4 Coupling agent
4.2.4.1 Coupling agent shall have properties that have good sound transmission and do
not damage the surface of the tested workpiece, such as engine oil, chemical paste,
glycerin, and water.
4.2.4.2 The coupling agent shall be stable and reliable within the temperature range
specified in the process document.
4.2.5 Calibration, verification, operational verification, and testing of testing
equipment
4.2.5.1 General requirements
Calibration, verification, operational verification, and testing shall generally be carried
out using standard test blocks and comparative test blocks. During operation, the main
sound beam of the probe shall be vertically aligned with the reflection surface of the
reflector to obtain stable and maximum reflection signals. Controllers that affect
instrument linearity, such as suppression or filtering switches, shall be placed in the
"off" position or at the lowest grade.
4.2.5.2 Calibration or verification
At least once a year, calibrate and record the vertical linearity, horizontal linearity,
attenuator accuracy, combination frequency, lateral and vertical resolution of sectorial
electronic scanning imaging, as well as the range and resolution of sectorial electronic
scanning angles in the performance of testing instruments and probe combinations. The
testing requirements shall meet the provisions of 4.2.2.3.1.
4.2.5.3 Operational verification
4.2.5.3.1 Verify and record the vertical and horizontal linearity of the instrument and
probe combination performance at least once every 6 months. The testing requirements
shall meet the provisions of 4.2.2.1.
developed, and process validation shall be carried out according to 4.3.3.
4.3.2.3 General testing methods for different categories of testing objects
4.3.2.3.1 For the testing of raw material pipes, transverse wave oblique incidence
testing is generally used. Add longitudinal wave direct injection testing if
necessary. For the testing of other raw materials and component base materials,
longitudinal wave direct injection testing is generally used. If necessary, increase the
testing of oblique incidence of transverse or longitudinal waves.
4.3.2.3.2 For welded joints of pressure equipment, transverse wave oblique incidence
testing is generally used. When the technical grade is C, longitudinal wave direct
injection testing shall also be added.
4.3.2.4 Selection of testing surface
4.3.2.4.1 The selection of the testing surface shall comprehensively consider factors
such as the structure of the tested workpiece, manufacturing process, possible locations
and orientations of defects, and the operability of the testing implementation.
4.3.2.4.2 For welding joint testing, the grade of testing technology used shall also be
considered.
4.3.2.5 General principles for selecting comparation test blocks
4.3.2.5.1 For ferritic steel raw materials, component base materials, or welded joints,
universal comparison test blocks can be used.
4.3.2.5.2 For non-ferritic steel raw materials, components or welded joints, as well as
ferritic steel workpieces with complex geometric shapes, specialized reference blocks
are generally used. At this point, the size, quantity, and position distribution of reference
reflectors within the test block shall be considered to meet the requirements of
calibration and/or process validation.
4.3.2.6 General principles for setting process parameters
4.3.2.6.1 The probe (wedge) and testing area coverage method shall be
comprehensively selected based on the type, material, structural size, testing surface,
and testing method of the tested workpiece.
4.3.2.6.2 The parameters selected for phased-array probes include type, frequency,
number of chips, chip spacing, and chip size. On the premise of obtaining stable
coupling and sufficient signal-to-noise...