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JTG E41-2005: Test Methods of Rocks for Highway Engineering
JTG E41-2005
JTG
INDUSTRY STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Test Methods of Rock for Highway Engineering
ISSUED ON: MARCH 03, 2005
IMPLEMENTED ON: AUGUST 01, 2005
Issued by: Ministry of Transport of the PRC
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 4
1 General Provisions ... 7
2 Terms and Symbols ... 7
2.1 Terms... 7
2.2 Symbols ... 9
3 Physical Property Tests ... 10
T0201-1994 Simple petrologic authentication ... 10
T0202-2005 Water content test ... 12
T0203-2005 Density test ... 13
T0204-2005 Gross volume density test ... 16
T0205-2005 Water absorption test ... 21
T0206-2005 Expansion test ... 24
T0207-2005 Slake durability test ... 29
4 Mechanical Property Test ... 31
T0221-2005 Uniaxial compressive strength test ... 31
T0222-2005 Uniaxial compressive deformation test ... 34
T0223-1994 Splitting strength test ... 38
T0224- 2005 Shearing strength (straight snips) test ... 40
T0225-1994 Point load strength test ... 45
T0226-1994 Folding strength test ... 53
5 Long Duration Test ... 55
T0241-1994 Frost resistance test ... 55
T0242-1994 Solidness test ... 57
Annex Density of the Uncontaminated Water (g/cm3) ... 60
1 General Provisions
1.0.1 This specification is formulated to unify the test methods of rocks for highway
engineering
1.0.2 This Standard is applicable to rock test for engineering of subgrades, pavements,
bridges and culverts and tunnels in highway engineering.
1.0.3 Instruments used for test in this specification shall be proved as qualified by
relevant national detection mechanisms and meet requirements in this specification.
1.0.4 Test subject of rock shall have geological representatives; and test content, test
methods and technical specifications shall meet basic requirements and
characteristics of exploration survey, design and construction of the highway
engineering. Test for stress and deformation of rock mass shall be carried out
according to relevant current national standards.
2 Terms and Symbols
2.1 Terms
2.1.1 Rock
Mineral assemblage that is formed in a certain mode under all kinds of geological
actions; and it is main substance to make up lithosphere and mantle of the earth.
2.1.2 Water content
It is the ratio between the water of rock sample lost in baking to the constant mass at
105°C ~ 110°C and the dry mass of the specimen; and the ratio is represented by
percentage.
2.1.3 Density
Under specified conditions, mass of the unit volume of the dried rock minerals
(excluding pore volume of the opening and closing).
2.1.4 Gross volume density
Under specified conditions, the mass of the solid materials per unit volume of dried
rock including pores.
2.1.5 Percentage of porosity
3 Physical Property Tests
T0201-1994 Simple petrologic authentication
1 Purpose and application scope
This method is applicable to simple tests using general instruments and reagents;
evaluating rock characteristics of rock samples for highway engineering via visual
inspection to determine the name and category of rock.
2 Apparatus
(1) Hammer.
(2) Hardness gauge or other instruments used for hardness inspection (such as
fingernail, iron knife edge, steel knife edge, glass sheet, etc.).
(3) Magnifier or microscope.
3 Reagent
Dilute hydrochloric acid: concentration 10%.
4 Samples
In order to get representative rock samples, the number of samples to be selected in
the fieldwork shall be at least 3. As for irregular samples, the specification of the
samples shall be cube-like with volume no less than 100cm3; and loose parts and
attachments on the surface shall be removed.
5 Test Procedures
5.1 Knock the rock sample with a hammer to make a new cross-section.
5.2 Examine the rock texture and structure of the new rock cross-section with naked
eye and with the help of a magnifier or a microscope; pay attention to eigenstructure,
such as joint, crack, degree of crystallinity, size of ore grain and agglutinate, and make
a description.
5.3 Carry out scratch test with a hardness gauge or other instruments used for
hardness inspection on the new sections to determine the rock hardness.
Criteria of hardness comparison (from soft to hard) consist the following 10 minerals:
(1) talc (2) gypsum; (3) calcite; (4) fluorite; (5) apatite; (6) kali-feldspar; (7) quartz; (8)
lite; (9) corundum; (10) diamond.
neutral solution, such as kerosene as the test solution.
2 Apparatus
(1) Density bottle: short-neck volumetric flask, capacity of 100mL.
(2) Balance: sensibility of 0.001g.
(3) Disintegrator, ball mill, porcelain mortar, agate mortar, magnet and sieve with
the hole diameter of 0.315 mm (0.3mm)
(4) Sand bath, constant temperature water tank (sensitivity ± 1°C) and vacuum
pumping equipment.
(5) Oven: the temperature can be controlled at 105°C~110°C.
(6) Dryer: filled with desiccants, such as calcium chloride or silica gel, etc.
(7) Tapered glass funnel, porcelain dish, dropper, metatarsal spoon and
thermometer etc.
3 Sample preparation
Put representative rock samples on a small disintegrator for preliminary crushing (or
stamp breaking with a steel hammer); and put on the ball mill for further grinding;
comminute with a mortar to slime, which could pass the 0.315mm sieve mesh.
4 Test Procedures
4.1 Put the finished slime in a porcelain dish, which shall then be put into a dry oven
at 105°C ~110°C to dry to the constant mass for 6h~12h; and then it shall be placed in
the dryer to cool to the room temperature (20°C±2°C) for later-use.
4.2 Take two shares of slime by quarter dividing method; weigh 15g (m1) from each
share, accurate to 0.001g (the weighing accuracy is the same in this test); use a hopper
to fill the slime into a clean and dried density bottle; and inject test solution to fill half of
the bottle; and shake the density bottle to disperse the slime.
4.3 If uncontaminated water is used as the test solution, gas could be eliminated by
boiling or vacuum-pumping method. if kerosene is used as the test solution, gas shall
be eliminated by vacuum-pumping method. if boiling is used to eliminate gas, the
boiling time shall be calculated from suspension boiling and shall be no less than 1h;
if vacuum-pumping is used to eliminate gas, the reading of the vacuum pressure gauge
should be 100kPa; and the pumping time shall be 1h ~ 2h till no bubble appears.
4.4 Take out the gas-eliminated density bottle, dry it and make it cool to the room
temperature; inject gas-eliminated test solution of the same temperature condition till
w - density of the gas-eliminated uncontaminated water (refer to Annex) (g/ cm3).
5.2 The arithmetic average of the two test results shall be used as the measured value;
if the difference of the two test results is larger than 0.02g/cm3, resample and test shall
be carried out.
5.3 Test record
Records of the density test shall include rock name; test number; sample coding; test
solution temperature; test solution density; sample mass of dried slime; mass of the
bottle and test solution; and the total mass of bottle, test solution and slime; mass of
the density bottle.
T0204-2005 Gross volume density test
1 Purpose and application scope
Gross volume density of rock is a parameter indirectly reflecting rock densification
degree, pore abundance, and is also a necessary calculation index for assessment of
project stability of rock mass and determination of the surrounding rock pressure.
According to water containing state and gross volume density of rock, there are dry
density, saturated density and natural density.
Gross volume density test of rock can be divided into quantity accumulating method,
in-water weight method and wax sealing method.
Quantity accumulating method is applicable to all kinds of rock, which can be made
into regular specimens. In-water weight method is applicable to all the rock other than
the rock, which shall crumble, dissolve entering water and has a property of shrinking
in dry state and swelling in wet state. Wax sealing method is applicable to the rock
which could not use quantity accumulating method or direct in-water weighing for test.
2 Apparatus
(1) Stonecutter, rock drill, stone mill and other processing devices of rock specimens.
(2) Balance: the sensibility is 0.01g, and the weighing is larger than 500g.
(3) Oven: the temperature can be controlled at 105°C~110°C.
(4) Paraffin and wax-melting devices.
(5) in-water-weighing device.
(6) Vernier caliper.
oven and place them into a dryer to make the specimens cool to the room temperature,
and weigh the mass of dried specimens. The measured specimens shall be used as
specimens for uniaxial compressive strength test in the dry state.
4.6 Weighing of this test shall be accurate to 0.01g; measurement shall be accurate to
0.01mm.
5 Test procedures for in-water weighing method
5.1 If the natural density is measured, representative rock shall be used for the
preparation of specimens, and be weighed. If the dry density is measured, put
specimens into a dry oven at 105°C ~110°C, dry the specimens to the constant mass
for generally 12h~24h. Take out specimens from the dry oven and put them into a dryer
to make them cool to the room temperature; and the dried specimens shall be weighed.
5.2 Put the dried specimens into water to make them saturated; and boiling method or
vacuum-pumping method can be used for saturation according to the rock property.
Saturation process and weighing of specimens shall meet requirements of the relevant
clauses in T 0205 of this specification.
5.3 Take out the saturated and submerged specimen; and wipe off the moisture on the
specimen surface by wet gauze; and weigh the mass immediately.
5.4 Put samples on the wire net of the weighing apparatus in the water; weigh the
sample in the water (the mass of the wire net can be equilibrated by the counter weight
in advance). In the process of weighing, the liquid level of the weighing apparatus shall
be kept at the same height; and the water temperature shall be recorded.
5.5 The weighing in this test shall be accurate to 0.01g.
6 Test procedures of wax sealing method
6.1 If the natural density is measured, representative rock shall be used for the
preparation of specimens, and be weighed. If the dry density is measured, put
specimens into a dry oven at 105°C ~110°C, dry the specimens to the constant mass
for generally 12h~24h. Take specimens out of the dry oven and put them into a dryer
to make them cool to the room temperature.
6.2 Take out specimens from the dryer and place them on the balance for weighing,
accurate to 0.01g (weighing accuracy of this test is the same).
6.3 Paraffin shall be put in a clean iron basin for heating and fusing to a temperature
slightly higher than the fusion point (common paraffin melting point is 55°C~58°C).
Rock specimens can be coated with a paraffin layer, which is about 1mm thick by roller
coating or brushing; and accurately weigh the mass of the wax-sealed specimens after
cooling.
clean flask.
(5) Boiling water tank.
3 Specimen preparation
3.1 Regular specimen: the size of specimen shall comply with provisions of 3.1 of T
0221 in this specification.
3.2 The irregular specimen should adopt perfectly round rock block with side length or
diameter of 40mm~50mm.
3.3 The number of the specimens in each set shall be at least 3; for the rock with
uneven texture, each set shall include at least 5 specimens.
4 Test procedures
4.1 Place the specimen in to 105°C~110°C oven and bake it till constant mass; the
oven drying time is generally 12h~24h; take it out from dryer and cool to room
temperature (20°C±2°C); weigh the mass and accurate to 0.01g (the same below).
4.2 Place the weighed specimen into water container; inject water to 1/4 height of
specimen, and respectively inject water to 1/2 and 3/4 height of the specimen every
other 2h; add water to 20mm higher than the top surface of specimen after 6h to help
the air ran off the specimen. Absorb water freely for 48h after the entire specimen
submerged by water.
4.3 Take out the submerged specimen; and wipe off the moisture on the specimen
surface by wet gauze; and weigh the mass immediately.
4.4 Select one of the following methods for the forced saturation of specimen:
Saturate specimen by boiling method: place the weighed specimen into water tank;
add water to the half of the specimen height, and stand for 2h. Add water to submerse
specimen; boil it for 6h above; and keep the water depth constantly. Keep the water
tank still after stopping boiling; take the specimen out after it has been cooled; and
wipe off the moisture on surface by wet gauze; weigh the mass immediately.
Saturate the specimen by vacuum-pumping method: place the weighed specimen into
vacuum drier; inject uncontaminated water and make the water surface 20mm higher
than specimen top surface. Start the air pump; and the vacuum pressure during
pumping shall reach to 100kPa; keep this vacuum state till no air bubble occurs (no
less than 4h). The vacuum-pumped specimen shall be placed in the original container;
stand for 4h at atmospheric pressure; take out the specimen; and wipe off the moisture
on its surface by wet gauze; and weigh the mass immediately.
5 Results disposal
surface mudding or softening shall be described in detail.
4.2 The sidewise restraint expansion ratio test shall be carried out according to the
following procedures:
(1) Place the specimen into metal ring coated with Vaseline in the inside; and place
thin filter paper and porous disk on and under specimen, respectively.
(2) Place fixed metal load block on the top; and install vertical dial indicator. The
mass of metal load block shall be able to produce 5kPa sustained pressure
against the specimen.
(3) The examination and stabilized reference shall be in accordance with Items (3)
~ (6) in Sub-clause 4.1 in this test method.
(4) After the test, the mudding and softening phenomena on specimen surface shall
be described.
4.3 The latera...